Llopis, J. C., et al. “Year-to-Year Ecosystem Services Supply in Conservation Contexts in North-Eastern Madagascar: Trade-Offs between Global Demands and Local Needs.” Ecosystem Services., vol. 48, no. February, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101249. https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1cao97szSJ34%7E9 This study assesses how the supply of six ecosystem services relevant to global and local stakeholders changed over the last three decades under protected areas implementation in forest frontier, shifting cultivation contexts of Madagascar. While the establishment of protected areas managed to slow down ongoing losses of globally-demanded ecosystem services (i.e. global climate regulation and existence value), it also drove down the supply of locally-relevant ES, such as food crops (i.e. rice) and bequest value. These findings highlight the trade-offs between meeting global biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation objectives and supporting the needs of local populations, including cultural dimensions, seldom explored in the ecosystem services-shifting cultivation literature. Wong, G.Y., Moeliono, M., Bong, I.W., Pham, T.T., Sahide, M.A., Naito, D. and Brockhaus, M., 2020. Social forestry in Southeast Asia: Evolving interests, discourses and the many notions of equity. Geoforum. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016718520302657 Southeast Asia is aggressively promoting social forestry as a solution to empower local people to sustainably manage and conserve forests, and to develop their livelihoods and reduce poverty. However, we find that the formal social forestry schemes that are being implemented in Indonesia, Vietnam and Malaysia Sabah fall short of these aims. Building on colonial territorializations of forests with the accompanying discourse of shifting cultivation as backward and a threat to forests, these formal social forestry schemes largely ignore diverse and nuanced forms of rights, and the pluralism of interests, institutions and power relations governing access and control. Social forestry has been rendered technical through formal bureaucracy and territorialization processes that lead to exclusions and stricter rules, which may in fact reinforce inequities and contestations. We draw on the assemblage approach to examine the different discourses, interests and agendas of actors engaged in the design and implementation of formal social forestry schemes in the three cases. Through reviews of policy documents, interviews, field research and the authors’ own engagement in social forestry policy processes, we find that the endeavour of social forestry has been re-assembled over time and entangled with the initiatives of agrarian reform in Indonesia, sustainable forest management in Sabah and payment for forest environmental services in Vietnam, with the dominant underlying narrative that entrepreneurship and fair access to markets is the equitable solution towards (economic) empowerment. |
